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1 cabinet
cabinet ['kæbɪnɪt](a) (furniture) meuble m (de rangement); (for bottles) bar m; (for television) meuble m télé; (for stereo) meuble m hi-fi; (for precious objects) cabinet m; (with glass doors) vitrine f∎ to form a cabinet former un cabinet ou un ministère;∎ he was in Major's cabinet il faisait partie du cabinet ou gouvernement Major;∎ they took the decision in cabinet ils ont pris la décision en Conseil des ministres►► Politics cabinet meeting conseil m des ministres;Politics cabinet minister ministre m siégeant au cabinet;∎ he was a cabinet minister under Heath or in the Heath government il était ministre sous (le gouvernement) Heath;Politics cabinet reshuffle remaniement m ministériel -
2 object
I ['ɔbdʒektˌ 'ɔbdʒɪkt] n1) предмет (физический), вещь, объектMy attention was fixed to this object. — Этот предмет приковал все мое внимание.
He became an object of ridicule. — Он стал объектом насмешек.
- strange object- flying object
- sacred object
- prehistoric objects
- animate object
- disgusting object
- unidentified flying objects
- household objects
- excavated objects
- objects around us
- object of art
- object worthy of admiration
- names of these objects
- most precious objects in my collection
- see some distant objects
- accompany the object with a written message
- become a popular object of worship2) круг вопросов, содержание, причина, предмет- object of discussion- main object of his interest
- constant object of my worry
- object of pity
- object of public charity
- object of thorough investigation
- make smth the object of thorough investigation3) конечная цель, мотив, намерениеWhat is the object of doing it/that? — Зачем это делать?
- object of one's life- object for a walk
- original object of the expedition
- main object of the conference
- some hidden object of his visit
- one of the objects of our journey
- with no other object than to help
- with this object in view
- with this object in mind
- with no other object than to warn us
- come with a double object
- achieve one's object
- accomplish one's object
- fail in one's object
- defeat smb's objects
- have no object in life
- have a similar object II [əb'dʒekt] vвозражать, быть против, не соглашатьсяI strongly object to that remark. — Я решительно возражаю против этого замечания.
It is his manner I object to his maner. — Что мне не нравится, так это его манеры
- object to smth- object to the plan
- object to doing smth
- if you don't object -
3 shut
∎ shut your eyes! fermez les yeux!;∎ figurative you shouldn't shut your eyes to the problem vous ne devriez pas fermer les yeux sur le problème;∎ shut your books refermez ou fermez vos livres;∎ please shut the door after you veuillez fermer ou refermer la porte derrière vous;∎ familiar shut your mouth or face, shut it! ferme ton clapet!, la ferme!∎ her skirt got shut in the door sa robe est restée coincée dans la porte;∎ I shut my finger in the door je me suis pris le doigt dans la porte(a) (door, window, container etc) (se) fermer;∎ the door won't shut la porte ne ferme pas;∎ the lid shuts very tightly le couvercle ferme hermétiquement(b) (shop, gallery etc) fermer;∎ the post office shuts at 6 p.m. la poste ferme à 18 heuresfermé;∎ familiar keep your mouth or trap shut! ferme-la!, boucle-la!(criminal, animal) enfermer; (precious objects) mettre sous clé;∎ I shut myself away for two months to finish my novel je me suis enfermé pendant deux mois pour terminer d'écrire mon roman(a) (store, factory, cinema) fermer(a) (store, factory, cinema) fermerenfermer;∎ he went to the bathroom and shut himself in il est allé à la salle de bains et s'y est enfermé;∎ to feel shut in avoir un sentiment d'étouffement;∎ we're shut in by hills nous sommes entourés de collines➲ shut off(a) (cut off → supplies, water, electricity) couper; (→ radio, machine) éteindre, arrêter; (→ light) éteindre∎ the village was shut off from the rest of the world le village a été coupé du reste du monde;∎ she shut herself off from other people elle s'isolait du reste des gens∎ that new building shuts off all our sunlight ce nouvel immeuble nous cache la lumière du jourse couper, s'arrêter;∎ it shuts off automatically ça s'arrête automatiquement(a) (out of building, room)∎ she shut us out elle nous a enfermés dehors;∎ we got shut out nous ne pouvions plus rentrer∎ he drew the curtains to shut out the light il tira les rideaux pour empêcher la lumière d'entrer;∎ she felt shut out from all decision-making elle avait l'impression que toutes les décisions étaient prises sans qu'elle soit consultée(c) (block out → thought, feeling) chasser (de son esprit)(d) (turn off → light) éteindre➲ shut up∎ shut up! la ferme!, boucle-la!;∎ shut up and do your work ferme-la et fais ton travail;∎ he never knows when to shut up il ne sait pas se taire□ ou la fermer quand il faut;∎ she hasn't shut up about her holiday since she got back elle n'a pas arrêté de parler de ses vacances depuis qu'elle est rentrée□∎ we decided to shut up early nous avons décidé de fermer tôt(a) (close → shop, factory) fermer;∎ to shut up shop (close shop at end of day) fermer le magasin; (close shop permanently) fermer boutique; (of theatre, factory) fermer ses portes∎ to shut oneself up s'enfermer chez soi∎ to shut sb up clouer le bec à qn;∎ that shut him up! ça lui a cloué le bec!;∎ will somebody shut those kids up! faites taire ces gosses! -
4 gold
1. noun2. attributive adjectivebe worth one's weight in gold — nicht mit Gold aufzuwiegen sein
golden; Gold[münze, -stück, -kette, -krone usw.]* * *[ɡould]1) (an element, a precious yellow metal used for making jewellery etc: This watch is made of gold; ( also adjective) a gold watch.) das Gold, golden2) (coins, jewellery etc made of gold.) das Gold3) (the colour of the metal: the shades of brown and gold of autumn leaves; ( also adjective) a gold carpet.) die Goldfarbe, goldfarben•- academic.ru/31647/golden">golden- goldfish
- gold-leaf
- gold medal
- gold-mine
- gold-rush
- goldsmith
- as good as gold
- golden opportunity* * *[gəʊld, AM goʊld]I. nto pan for \gold nach Gold schürfento strike \gold auf Gold stoßen5. (sell a lot)to go \gold album, record vergoldet werden6.▶ to be [as] good as \gold mustergültig sein▶ to have a heart of \gold ein Herz aus Gold haben▶ to be worth one's weight in \gold sein Gewicht in Gold wert seinII. n modifier (made of gold) ( chain, coin, locket, necklace, nugget, ring, wristwatch) Gold-; ( fig)\gold medal Goldmedaille f\gold record goldene SchallplatteIII. adj golden, Gold-\gold braid Goldtresse f\gold ink goldene Tinte\gold paint Goldfarbe f* * *[gəʊld]1. nSee:→ also glitterfour swimming golds —
she won (the) gold at 100 and 200 metres — sie gewann die Goldmedaille im 100- und 200-Meter-Lauf
3) (= colour) Gold nt2. adj1) (= made of gold) bracelet, chain, ring, earring etc goldenor jewelry (US) — Goldschmuck m
gold tooth — Goldzahn m
2) (= gold-coloured) fabric, paint, frame, lettering etc goldengold braid — Goldtressen pl
* * *gold [ɡəʊld]A s1. Gold n:(as) good as gold fig kreuzbrav, musterhaft;a heart of gold fig ein goldenes Herz;he has a voice of gold er hat Gold in der Kehle;it is worth its weight in gold es ist unbezahlbar oder nicht mit Gold aufzuwiegen;2. Goldmünze(n) f(pl)3. fig Geld n, Reichtum m, Gold n4. Goldfarbe f, Vergoldungsmasse f5. Goldgelb n (Farbe)B adj1. aus Gold, golden, Gold…:gold bar Goldbarren m;gold coin Goldmünze f;gold disc goldene Schallplatte;gold watch goldene Uhr2. golden, goldfarben, -gelb* * *1. noun1) no pl., no indef. art. Gold, das2) (colour, medal) Gold, das2. attributive adjectivegolden; Gold[münze, -stück, -kette, -krone usw.]* * *n.Gold nur sing. n. -
5 Computers
The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)[Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers
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6 gold
[gəʊld, Am goʊld] nto pan for \gold nach Gold schürfen;to strike \gold auf Gold stoßenPHRASES:to have a heart of \gold ein Herz aus Gold haben;to be worth one's weight in \gold sein Gewicht in Gold wert sein;to be [as] good as \gold mustergültig sein;\gold medal Goldmedaille f;\gold record goldene Schallplatte adj golden, Gold-;\gold braid Goldtresse f;\gold ink goldene Tinte;\gold paint Goldfarbe f
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